@article{
r2026directional,
title={Directional Curvature from Armijo Backtracking: A Low-Cost Sharpness Probe and a Calibration-Free Learning-Rate Safeguard for Adam},
author={Ashmitha R and J{\"o}rg Frochte},
journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
issn={2835-8856},
year={2026},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=foLGwG3ne4},
note={}
}